Grillot, ‘Dans ce Haut-Congo Fran9ais \ MC (19step one4), step 140-1
96 AOM, AP648, Decree into the production of a good Commune on Brazzaville, 5 October 1911; speech out-of Governor-Standard Merlin, BCAF, ten (1910), 331; AOM, 4(2)D7, Yearly report of Moyen-Congo, Brazzaville, 1911. 97 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 36. 98 Mandat-Grancey, Au Congo, 182. 99 Veistroffer, Vingt arts, 103; Baratier, Bien au Congo, 121. one hundred Colonel Moll, Une dme de colonial: lettres du Lieutenant-Colonel Moll (Paris, Emile-Paul, 1912), 10; Deschamps, De- Bordeaux au Tchad, 22-5; Frey, ‘Brazzaville’, 44-6; Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 32-3, step 3 8 ^ 0 . 101 For metropolitan structures during the colonial Africa, see, Philip D. Betts, Unsure dimensions: west to another country empires on twentieth-century (Minneapolis: University off Minnesota Force doctor chat room, 1985), 114-46; Odile Goerg, ‘Reflexion sur l’architecture europeenne le enough time de- la cote africaine a great partir de- l’exemple de los angeles Guinee’, in Almeida-Topor and you will Riesz (eds.), Rencontres franco-allemandes en ce qui concerne VAfrique, 81-92; and you will Gwendolyn Wright, ‘Tradition on the services away from modernity: tissues and you can urbanism within the French colonial policy, 1900-1930’, Journal of modern Record, 59 (Summer 1987), 291-316. 102 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 34. 103 Toward record and you may significance of new Fourteenth out of July for the Brazzaville, find Phyllis M. Martin, ‘National vacations transformed: the latest fourteenth out-of July in Brazzaville’, report demonstrated within 30-7th annual meeting of your own African Education Organization, Toronto, ps, ‘Rapport en ce qui concerne los angeles region de Brazzaville’. 105 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 36. 106 Address away from Governor-General Merlin, BCAF, ten (1910), 337. 107 Gabrielle and you may Joseph Vassal, Franfais, Beige mais aussi Portugais dentro de Afrique Equatoriale (Paris: Pierre Roger, 1926), 42. 108 Headrick, ‘The effect of colonialism towards the health’, 221. 109 Curtin, ‘Medical degree and you can urban planning’, 594-7. 110 Ibid., 598-609; and Headrick, ‘The feeling regarding colonialism to your health’, 143-4, 801-dos. 111 Bonchamps, ‘Rapport sur los angeles area de- Brazzaville’. 112 Frey, ‘Brazzaville’, 44; Sautter, De VAtlantique aufleuve Congo, vol. I, 398. 113 Challaye, Ce Congo Franfais, 219. 114 JO, ps, ‘Rapport sur los angeles area de Brazzaville’; also AOM, 4(2)D1, Brazzaville Manager so you’re able to Administrator-Standard inside the Libreville, 13 July 1901. 116 Quoted during the Headrick, ‘The impression away from colonialism towards health’, 383. 117 JO, 20 Get 1905. 118 AGPSE, 510BVI, Annual profile ‘Oeuvres de- los angeles Sainte-Enfance’, twenty-four October 1901,step one January 1903,ten November 1912. 119 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 42. Chikouangue are a reference to manioc dough. 120 AOM, TP152, very first collection, Purpose Fillon, Report off Meters. Henri on the Brazzaville staff members, 1913. 121 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-9.
Fehderau, The foundation and you can development of Kituba (Lingua Franca Kikongo) (Kisangani: Universite Libre du Congo, 1966) means that Kituba try a words regarding the slave-trade; William J
122 AGPSE, B706, Brazzaville Purpose Diary, 29 May 1908; R. P. C. 123 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-9. 124 Select, such as for instance, J.-P. Chretien and you may Grams. Prunier (eds.), Les ethnies ont une histoire (Paris: Karthala, 1989); Leroy Vail (ed.), Producing tribalism from inside the southern Africa (London: James Currey, 1989; Chris Gray, Modernization and you can social title: producing federal space during the rural France and colonial place during the outlying Gabon (Bloomington: Indiana College Center on Around the globe Alter and you will Community Serenity, 1994); Terence Ranger, The fresh development regarding society in colonial Africa’, inside the Hobsbawm and Ranger (eds.), The brand new creativity of heritage, 211-62, which he have revised because the advancement off lifestyle revisited: the truth away from colonial Africa’, during the Terence Ranger and you can Olufemi Vaughan (eds.), Authenticity as well as the condition inside the twentieth millennium Africa (London: Macmillan, 1993), 62-111. Throughout the upgrade out-of his essay, Ranger could have been influenced, yet others, from the Benedict Anderson, Imagined groups: reflections to your root and you may spread out-of nationalism (London: Verso, 1983). 125 Harold W. Samarin, The new roots regarding Kituba and Lingala’, Diary from African Dialects and you can Linguistics, 12, step 1 (Sep 1991), 47-77, shows that its diffusion was much more about foreign railway workers in the all the way down Congo. 126 ASMF, Elizabeth l l . Brev fran Kongo, Lindgren to SMF, 18 Oct 1911; B and you will Elizabeth. no. step 1, Korr., Lindgren so you can SMF, 11 November 1911; F. zero. 1, Dagbok, twenty-two March 1914; Brev fran Kongo, G. A. Hult to help you SMF, 11 January 1918. 127 Speech off Governor-General Merlin, BCAF, 10 (1910), 337. 128 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-9; AOM, 4(2)D13, Report about Pond area, Brazzaville, May 1913. 129 Mumbansa mwa Bawele, ‘Y a-t-il des Bangalas?’ Zaire-Afrique, 78 (arin, ‘The roots from Kituba and Lingala’, 47, 57-69, and you may ‘Bondjo ethnicity and you will colonial imagination’, Canadian Record off African Degree, 18 (1984), 345-65. 130 ‘Brazzaville’, BPSE, twenty five (1909-10), 511; AGPSE, B706, Brazzaville Goal Journal, 30 Get 1908,twenty five September 1910,step 1 December 1913. 131 Find sections step three and 4. 132 Grillot, ‘Dans ce Haut-Congo Francais’, 139; ‘Brazzaville’, BCPSE, twenty seven (1913-14), 55; P. Augouard, Quarante-quatre annees au Congo (Evreux: Poussin, 1934), fifty, 72-3,105. 133 Girard,’Brazzaville’, 30, 29. 134 AOM, 4(2)D5, Administrative declaration, Moyen-Congo, September-November 1910. 135 Frederick Cooper, ‘Urban place, commercial go out, and you can salary work within the Africa’, in the Strive toward area, 23. 2 step one